This paper investigates educational and income inequalities in physical activity across the UK population to inform effective policy interventions. Physical inactivity and its associated health detriments are not only widespread but also disproportionately distributed across socioeconomic groups.

This study conducts a systematic analysis of inequalities in physical activity (PA) across the UK using Understand Society, a nationally representative panel dataset which provides high-quality measurements, enables analyses across population subgroups, and facilitates examination of the full spectrum of socioeconomic distribution. It also allows differentiation between household gross labour income and household net total income, a distinction not documented in existing literature based on our knowledge.

I employ an ordered logit model to estimate the nonlinear relationships between two key socioeconomic indicators—-education and income—-and three dimensions of PA: zero physical activity, engagement in at least some physical activity, and meeting WHO-recommended guidelines. Understanding these distinct aspects provides comprehensive insights for policy development, as different socio-demographic groups respond variably across these dimensions. This paper contributes to the literature by thoroughly examining all three components together.

The ordered logit model estimates reveal several key insights through odds ratios. First, household net total income demonstrates double the impact of gross labour income on PA, suggesting that overall financial resources matter more than occupational class and working environment. This implies that redistributive policies are crucial for transforming physical activity patterns in society. Second, while more educated and affluent individuals are more likely to engage in physical activities and meet recommended PA guidelines, the income effects are modest. Educational interventions may therefore serve as a more effective policy lever than financial incentives for promoting physical activity. Third, inequalities in physical activities manifest differently by gender, with educational attainment showing stronger and more significant effects on women’s physical activity levels.

Co-authors

Dr Rebecca Mancy; Professor Konstantinos Angelopoulos, University of Glasgow